Kadek Ananta Satriadi

Human-centred computing researcher specialised in visualisation and spatial computing technologies.

In-Situ Gaussian Splatting-generated 3D Thermal Mesh Visualization for Urban Trees in Augmented Reality

Chaimaa Delasse, Dario Billi, I Gede Mahendra Darmawiguna, Kadek Ananta Satriadi, Arnadi Murtiyoso, Hélène Macher, Vincent Lecomte, Rafika Hajji, Tania Landes

International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Toronto, Canada. 2026. Publication type: full paper.

Urban trees provide critical ecosystem services in dense city environments, yet current workflows for monitoring their thermal behaviour remain confined to 2D desktop-based analysis with no three-dimensional spatial context or field-deployable visualization capability. This paper presents a complete pipeline for in-situ 3D thermal mesh visualization of urban trees in Augmented Reality (AR), combining Thermal InfraRed (TIR) image acquisition, Gaussian Splatting-based mesh reconstruction, quantitative validation, and mobile AR deployment. TIR images of a Tilia tomentosa acquired with a FLIR T560 camera are preprocessed with a standardized false-colour palette and fed into the MILo (Mesh-In-the-Loop Gaussian Splatting) framework to reconstruct a thermally attributed 3D mesh. Geometric evaluation against a Z+F IMAGER 5016 TLS reference using the M3C2 algorithm demonstrates that MILo recovers 13.5 times more canopy geometry than traditional multi-view stereo under thermal imagery, with a standard deviation of 4.0 cm. A colourmap inversion procedure recovers per-vertex temperature estimates from the GS-derived mesh colours, yielding a mean absolute difference of 0.7°C against direct T-Cam measurements (thermal camera mounted on the laser scanner), within the combined instrument accuracy of both sensors. The resulting thermal Gaussian Splat was deployed in a custom Android AR application supporting hybrid marker-based and GPS-based spatial anchoring for in-situ visualization. These results demonstrate the technical feasibility of GS-based thermal reconstruction and mobile AR as a medium for communicating three-dimensional canopy thermal information to educators and urban forestry practitioners.

Tags: 3D Gaussian Splatting, visualisation, situated visualization, thermal infrared

Delasse, C., Billi, D., Darmawiguna, I. G. M., Satriadi, K. A., Murtiyoso, A., Macher, H., Lecomte, V., Hajji, R., & Landes, T. (2026). In-situ Gaussian splatting-generated 3D thermal mesh visualization for urban trees in augmented reality. 2026 ISPRS Congress. Metro Toronto Convention Centre, Toronto, Canada.

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